WxMaxima is a graphical user interface (GUI) for the Maxima computer algebra system (CAS). WxMaxima allows one to use all of Maxima’s functions. In addition, it provides convenient wizards for accessing the most commonly used features. This manual describes some of the features that make wxMaxima one of the most popular GUIs for Maxima.
Before we look at the content a few points regarding navigation are in order. Immediately below is a short table of contents. Clicking on any of the listed items moves the cursor to the top of the indicated section of the manual. Clicking on Contents moves the cursor to an extended table of contents. This extended table can be used to navigate more directly to specific parts of the manual. The Contents link appears at locations throughout the text for navigational purposes.
WxMaxima basics
WxMaxima’nın Maxima ya eklediği komutlar
‘wxMaxima’ beklendiği gibi çalışmazsa yapılacak şey
Sıkça Sorular Sorular
WxMaxima’nın desteklediği komut satırı argümanları
In the open-source domain, big systems are normally split into smaller projects that are easier to handle for small groups of developers. For example a CD burner program will consist of a command-line tool that actually burns the CD and a graphical user interface that allows users to implement it without having to learn about all the command line switches and in fact without using the command line at all. One advantage of this approach is that the developing work that was invested into the command-line program can be shared by many programs: The same CD-burner command-line program can be used as a “send-to-CD”-plug-in for a file manager application, for the “burn to CD” function of a music player and as the CD writer for a DVD backup tool. Another advantage is that splitting one big task into smaller parts allows the developers to provide several user interfaces for the same program.
A computer algebra system (CAS) like Maxima fits into this framework. A CAS can provide the logic behind an arbitrary precision calculator application or it can do automatic transforms of formulas in the background of a bigger system (e.g., Sage). Alternatively, it can be used directly as a free-standing system. Maxima can be accessed via a command line. Often, however, an interface like wxMaxima proves a more efficient way to access the software, especially for newcomers.
Maxima tam özellikli bir ‘Sembolik’ olarak ta çalışabilen bir bilgisayar cebir sistemidir (BCS). Bir BCS, formülleri yeniden düzenleyerek ve sadece sonucun sayısal değerini çıkarmanın aksine problemi çözen bir formül bularak (sembolik ifadeler ile) matematiksel problemleri çözebilen bir programdır. Başka bir deyişle, Maxima değişkenlerin sayısal değerlerini veren bir hesap makinesi olarak kullanılabilir ve analitik çözümler de sağlayabilir. Ayrıca, analitik olarak çözülemeyen denklemler veya denklem sistemleri için bir dizi sayısal analiz yöntemi sunar.
Extensive documentation for Maxima is available in the internet. Part of this documentation is also available in wxMaxima’s help menu. Pressing the Help key (on most systems the F1 key) causes wxMaxima’s context-sensitive help feature to automatically jump to Maxima’s manual page for the command at the cursor.
WxMaxima is a graphical user interface that provides the full functionality and flexibility of Maxima. WxMaxima offers users a graphical display and many features that make working with Maxima easier. For example wxMaxima allows one to export any cell’s contents (or, if that is needed, any part of a formula, as well) as text, as LaTeX or as MathML specification at a simple right-click. Indeed, an entire workbook can be exported, either as a HTML file or as a LaTeX file. Documentation for wxMaxima, including workbooks to illustrate aspects of its use, is online at the wxMaxima help site, as well as via the help menu.
WxMaxima içine girilen hesaplamalar, arka planda Maxima komut satırı aracı tarafından gerçekleştirilir.
Much of wxMaxima is self-explaining, but some details require attention. This site contains a number of workbooks that address various aspects of wxMaxima. Working through some of these (particularly the “10 minute (wx)Maxima tutorial”) will increase one’s familiarity with both the content of Maxima and the use of wxMaxima to interact with Maxima. This manual concentrates on describing aspects of wxMaxima that are not likely to be self-evident and that might not be covered in the online material.
One of the very few things that are not standard in wxMaxima is that it organizes the data for Maxima into cells that are evaluated (which means: sent to Maxima) only when the user requests this. When a cell is evaluated, all commands in that cell, and only that cell, are evaluated as a batch. (The preceding statement is not quite accurate: One can select a set of adjacent cells and evaluate them together. Also, one can instruct Maxima to evaluate all cells in a workbook in one pass.) WxMaxima’s approach to submitting commands for execution might feel unfamiliar at the first sight. It does, however, drastically ease work with big documents (where the user does not want every change to automatically trigger a full re-evaluation of the whole document). Also, this approach is very handy for debugging.
If text is typed into wxMaxima it automatically creates a new worksheet cell. The type of this cell can be selected in the toolbar. If a code cell is created the cell can be sent to Maxima, which causes the result of the calculation to be displayed below the code. A pair of such commands is shown below.
Bir girdi hücresinin içeriğinin değerlendirilmesinde, Maxima her girdi hücresinin başına % i1,% i2,% i3 şeklinde bir etiket atar (varsayılan olarak kırmızı renkte gösterilir ), daha sonraki satırlarda bu satıra % in (n; girdi satırı numarası) ifadesiyle _wxMaxima_ oturumunda atıfta bulunulabilir ve o satırdaki ifadeyi kullanabilirsiniz.(%i ifadesindeki 'i' input yani 'girdi'yi ifade eder) _Maxima_'ın oluşturduğu çıktı ayrıca, kullanıcı çıktıya bir ad ataması dışında,% o (buradaki 'o' output yani çıktı'yı ifade eder)ile başlayan bir etiket alır. Bu durumda varsayılan olarak kullanıcı tanımlı etiket görüntülenir. Yine de% o -style Maxima otomatik oluşturucu etiketine de erişilebilir. Çıktı satırları da ‘%on’ (n; çıktı satırı numarası) sonraki satırlarda bu satıra `% on (n; girdi satırı numarası) ifadesiyle wxMaxima oturumunda (geriye yönelik) atıfta bulunulabilir ve o satırdaki ifadeyi kullanabilirsiniz.
Besides the input cells wxMaxima allows for text cells for documentation, image cells, title cells, chapter cells and section cells. Every cell has its own undo buffer so debugging by changing the values of several cells and then gradually reverting the unneeded changes is rather easy. Furthermore the worksheet itself has a global undo buffer that can undo cell edits, adds and deletes.
The figure below shows different cell types (title cells, section cells, subsection cells, text cells, input/output cells and image cells).
The worksheet is organized in cells. WxMaxima knows the following cell types:
The default behavior of wxMaxima when text is entered is to automatically create a math cell. Cells of other types can be created using the Cell menu, using the hot keys shown in the menu or using the drop-down list in the toolbar. Once the non-math cell is created, whatever is typed into the file is interpreted as text.
A (C-style) comment text can be part of a math cell as follows: /* This comment will be ignored by Maxima */
“/*” marks the start of the comment, “*/” the end.
If the user tries to select a complete sentence, a word processor will try to extend the selection to automatically begin and end with a word boundary. Likewise, if more than one cell is selected, wxMaxima will extend the selection to whole cells.
What isn’t standard is that wxMaxima provides drag-and-drop flexibility by defining two types of cursors. WxMaxima will switch between them automatically when needed:
When you start wxMaxima, you will only see the blinking horizontal cursor. If you start typing, a math cell will be automatically created and the cursor will change to a regular vertical one (you will see a right arrow as “prompt”, after the Math cell is evaluated (CTRL+ENTER), you will see the labels, e.g. (%i1), (%o1)).
You might want to create a different cell type (using the “Cell” menu), maybe a title cell or text cell, which describes, what will be done, when you start creating your worksheet.
If you navigate between the different cells, you will also see the (blinking) horizontal cursor, where you can insert a cell into your worksheet (either a math cell, by just start typing your formula - or a different cell type using the menu).
The command in a code cell is executed once by pressing CTRL+ENTER, SHIFT+ENTER or the ENTER key on the keypad. The wxMaxima default is to enter commands when either CTRL+ENTER or SHIFT+ENTER is entered, but wxMaxima can be configured to execute commands in response to ENTER.
WxMaxima contains an autocompletion feature that is triggered via the menu (Cell/Complete Word) or alternatively by pressing the key combination CTRL+SPACE. The autocompletion is context-sensitive. For example, if activated within a unit specification for ezUnits it will offer a list of applicable units.
Besides completing a file name, a unit name, or the current command or variable name, the autocompletion is able to show a template for most of the commands indicating the type (and meaning) of the parameters this program expects. To activate this feature press SHIFT+CTRL+SPACE or select the respective menu item (Cell/Show Template).
Computers traditionally stored characters in 8-bit values. This allows for a maximum of 256 different characters. All letters, numbers, and control symbols (end of transmission, end of string, lines and edges for drawing rectangles for menus etc.) of nearly any given language can fit within that limit.
For most countries, the codepage of 256 characters that has been chosen does not include things like Greek letters, though, that are frequently used in mathematics. To overcome this type of limitation Unicode has been invented: An encoding that makes English text work like normal, but to use much more than 256 characters.
Maxima allows Unicode if it was compiled using a Lisp compiler that either supports Unicode or that doesn’t care about the font encoding. As at least one of this pair of conditions is likely to be true. WxMaxima provides a method of entering Greek characters using the keyboard:
| key | Greek letter | key | Greek letter | key | Greek letter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | alpha | i | iota | r | rho |
| b | beta | k | kappa | s | sigma |
| g | gamma | l | lambda | t | tau |
| d | delta | m | mu | u | upsilon |
| e | epsilon | n | nu | f | phi |
| z | zeta | x | xi | c | chi |
| h | eta | om | omicron | y | psi |
| q | theta | p | pi | o | omega |
| A | Alpha | I | Iota | R | Rho |
| B | Beta | K | Kappa | S | Sigma |
| G | Gamma | L | Lambda | T | Tau |
| D | Delta | M | Mu | U | Upsilon |
| E | Epsilon | N | Nu | P | Phi |
| Z | Zeta | X | Xi | C | Chi |
| H | Eta | Om | Omicron | Y | Psi |
| T | Theta | P | Pi | O | Omega |
Aynı mekanizma ayrıca çeşitli matematiksel sembollerin girilmesine izin verir:
| keys to enter | mathematical symbol |
|---|---|
| hbar | Planck’s constant: a h with a horizontal bar above it |
| Hbar | a H with a horizontal bar above it |
| 2 | squared |
| 3 | to the power of three |
| /2 | 1/2 |
| partial | partial sign (the d of dx/dt) |
| integral | integral sign |
| sq | square root |
| ii | imaginary |
| ee | element |
| in | in |
| impl implies | implies |
| inf | infinity |
| empty | empty |
| TB | big triangle right |
| tb | small triangle right |
| and | and |
| or | or |
| xor | xor |
| nand | nand |
| nor | nor |
| equiv | equivalent to |
| not | not |
| union | union |
| inter | intersection |
| subseteq | subset or equal |
| subset | subset |
| notsubseteq | not subset or equal |
| notsubset | not subset |
| approx | approximately |
| propto | proportional to |
| neq != /= or # | not equal to |
| +/- or pm | a plus/minus sign |
| <= or leq | equal or less than |
| >= or geq | equal or greater than |
| << or ll | much less than |
| >> or gg | much greater than |
| qed | end of proof |
| nabla | a nabla operator |
| sum | sum sign |
| prod | product sign |
| exists | there exists sign |
| nexists | there is no sign |
| parallel | a parallel sign |
| perp | a perpendicular sign |
| leadsto | a leads to sign |
| -> | a right arrow |
| –> | a long right arrow |
If a special symbol isn’t in the list, it is possible to input arbitrary Unicode characters by pressing ESC [number of the character (hexadecimal)] ESC.
ESC 61 ESC therefore results in an a.
Please note that most of these symbols (notable exceptions are the logic symbols) do not have a special meaning in Maxima and therefore will be interpreted as ordinary characters. If Maxima is compiled using a Lisp that doesn’t support Unicode characters they might cause an error message.
It may be the case that e.g. greek characters or mathematical symbols are not included in the selected font, then they can not be displayed. To solve that problem, select other fonts (using: Edit -> Configure -> Style).
Shortcuts to the most important Maxima commands, things like a table of contents, windows with debug messages or a history of the last issued commands can be accessed using the side panes. They can be enabled using the “View” menu. They all can be moved to other locations inside or outside the wxMaxima window. Other useful panes is the one that allows to input Greek letters using the mouse.
In the “table of contents” side pane, one can increase or decrease a heading by just clicking on the heading with the right mouse button and select the next higher or lower heading type.
Several word processors and similar programs either recognize MathML input and automatically insert it as an editable 2D equation - or (like LibreOffice 5.1) have an equation editor that offers an “import MathML from clipboard” feature. Others support RTF maths. WxMaxima, therefore, offers several entries in the right-click menu.
WxMaxima offers a set of standard Markdown conventions that don’t collide with mathematical notation. One of these elements is bullet lists.
Ordinary text
* One item, indentation level 1
* Another item at indentation level 1
* An item at a second indentation level
* A second item at the second indentation level
* A third item at the first indentation level
Ordinary textWxMaxima will recognize text starting with > chars as block quotes:
Ordinary text
> quote quote quote quote
> quote quote quote quote
> quote quote quote quote
Ordinary textWxMaxima’s TeX and HTML output will also recognize => and replace it by the corresponding Unicode sign:
cogito => sum.Other symbols the HTML and TeX export will recognize are <= and >= for comparisons, a double-pointed double arrow (<=>), single-headed arrows (<->, -> and <-) and +/- as the respective sign. For TeX output also << and >> are recognized.
Çoğu kısayol tuşu ilgili menülerin metninde bulunabilir. Aslında menü metninden alındıklarından ve wxMaxima çevirileriyle yerel klavyenin kullanıcılarının ihtiyaçlarına göre özelleştirilebildiğinden, bunları burada belgelemiyoruz. Bununla birlikte, bazı kısayol tuşları veya kısayol takma adları menülerde belgelenmemiştir:
Bir metin hücresi TeX: ile başlıyorsa, TeX dışa aktarımı TeX: işaretini izleyen değişmez metni içerir. Bu özelliği kullanmak wxMaxima çalışma kitabına TeX işaretlemesinin girilmesini sağlar.
WxMaxima oturumunda geliştirilen materyal, daha sonra kullanılmak üzere üç yoldan biriyle saklanabilir:
.mac files are ordinary text files that contain Maxima commands. They can be read using Maxima’s batch() or load() command or wxMaxima’s File/Batch File menu entry.
One example is shown below. Quadratic.mac defines a function and afterward generates a plot with wxdraw2d(). Afterward the contents of the file Quadratic.mac are printed and newly defined function f() is evaluated.
.mac file with batch()Attention: Although the file Quadratic.mac has a usual Maxima extension (.mac), it can only be read by wxMaxima, since the command wxdraw2d() is a wxMaxima-extension to Maxima.
You can be use .mac files for writing your own library of macros. But since they don’t contain enough structural information they cannot be read back as a wxMaxima session.
.wxm files contain the worksheet except for Maxima’s output. On Maxima versions >5.38 they can be read using Maxima’s load() function just as .mac files can be. With this plain-text format, it sometimes is unavoidable that worksheets that use new features are not downwards-compatible with older versions of wxMaxima.
This XML-based file format saves the complete worksheet including things like the zoom factor and the watchlist. It is the preferred file format.
Bazı yaygın yapılandırma değişkenleri için wxMaxima iki yapılandırma yöntemi sunar:
Yeni animasyonlar için kullanılan animasyon karesi `wxanimate_framerate ’değişkeninde tutulur. Bu değişkenin yeni bir çalışma sayfasında içereceği ilk değer, yapılandırma iletişim kutusu kullanılarak değiştirilebilir.
After the next start, plots embedded into the worksheet will be created with this size if the value of wxplot_size isn’t changed by maxima.
Tek bir grafiğin çizim boyutunu ayarlamak için bir değişkenin değerini yalnızca bir komut için ayarlayan aşağıdaki gösterimi kullanabilirsiniz:
wxdraw2d(
explicit(
x^2,
x,-5,5
)
), wxplot_size=[480,480]$Bu seçenek iki şeyi etkinleştirir:
If this option is set, the file where the worksheet is will be overwritten only the request of the user. In case of a crash/power loss/… a recent backup copy is still made available in the temp directory, though.
If this option isn’t set wxMaxima behaves more like a modern cellphone app:
If you are using Unix/Linux, the configuration information will be saved in a file .wxMaxima in your home directory (if you are using wxWidgets < 3.1.1), or .config/wxMaxima.conf ((XDG-Standard) if wxWidgets >= 3.1.1 is used). You can retrieve the wxWidgets version from the command wxbuild_info(); or by using the menu option Help->About. wxWidgets is the cross-platform GUI library, which is the base for wxMaxima (therefore the wx in the name). (Since the filename starts with a dot, .wxMaxima or .config will be hidden).
If you are using Windows, the configuration will be stored in the registry. You will find the entries for wxMaxima at the following position in the registry: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\wxMaxima
WxMaxima is primarily a graphical user interface for Maxima. As such, its main purpose is to pass along commands to Maxima and to report the results of executing those commands. In some cases, however, wxMaxima adds functionality to Maxima. WxMaxima’s ability to generate reports by exporting a workbook’s contents to HTML and LaTeX files has been mentioned. This section considers some ways that wxMaxima enhances the inclusion of graphics in a session.
wxsubscripts specifies, if (and how) wxMaxima will autosubscript variable names:
If it is false, the functionality is off, wxMaxima will not autosubscript part of variable names after an underscore.
If it is set to 'all, everything after an underscore will be subscripted.
If it is set to true variable names of the format x_y are displayed using a subscript if
x or y is a single letter ory is an integer (can include more than one character).
If the variable name doesn’t match these requirements, it can still be declared as “to be subscripted” using the command wxdeclare_subscript(variable_name); or wxdeclare_subscript([variable_name1,variable_name2,...]); Declaring a variable as subscripted can be reverted using the following command: wxdeclare_subscript(variable_name,false);
You can use the menu “View->Autosubscript” to set these values.
Long-running commands can provide user feedback in the status bar. This user feedback is replaced by any new feedback that is placed there (allowing to use it as a progress indicator) and is deleted as soon as the current command sent to Maxima is finished. It is safe to use wxstatusbar() even in libraries that might be used with plain Maxima (as opposed to wxMaxima): If wxMaxima isn’t present the wxstatusbar() command will just be left unevaluated.
for i:1 thru 10 do (
/* Tell the user how far we got */
wxstatusbar(concat("Pass ",i)),
/* (sleep n) is a Lisp function, which can be used */
/* with the character "?" before. It delays the */
/* program execution (here: for 3 seconds) */
?sleep(3)
)$Çizim (temel olarak grafiklerle ilgili çalışmak), grafik kullanıcı arayüzünün orijinal programa bazı uzantılar sağlamak zorunda kalacağı bir yerdir.
Maxima normally instructs the external program gnuplot to open a separate window for every diagram it creates. Since many times it is convenient to embed graphs into the worksheet instead wxMaxima provides its own set of plot functions that don’t differ from the corresponding maxima functions save in their name: They are all prefixed by a “wx”. For example wxplot2d corresponds to plot2d, wxplot3d corresponds to plot3d, wxdraw corresponds to draw and wxhistogram corresponds to histogram.
As noted above, the configure dialog provides a way to change the default size plots created which sets the starting value of wxplot_size. The plotting routines of wxMaxima respect this variable that specifies the size of a plot in pixels. It can always be queried or used to set the size of the following plots:
wxplot_size:[1200,800]$
wxdraw2d(
explicit(
sin(x),
x,1,10
)
)$If the size of only one plot is to be changed Maxima provides a canonical way to change an attribute only for the current cell. In this usage the specification wxplot_size = [value1, value2] is appended to the wxdraw2d( ) command, and is not part of the wxdraw2d command.
wxdraw2d(
explicit(
sin(x),
x,1,10
)
),wxplot_size=[1600,800]$Setting the size of embedded plot with wxplot_size works for embedded plots using e.g. wxplot, wxdraw, wxcontour_plot and wximplicit_plot commands and for embedded animations with with_slider_draw and wxanimate commands.
Gnuplot doesn’t seem to provide a portable way of determining whether it supports the high-quality bitmap output that the Cairo library provides. On systems where gnuplot is compiled to use this library the pngCairo option from the configuration menu (that can be overridden by the variable wxplot_pngcairo) enables support for antialiasing and additional line styles. If wxplot_pngCairo is set without gnuplot supporting this the result will be error messages instead of graphics.
If a plot was generated using the wxdraw-type commands (wxplot2d and wxplot3d isn’t supported by this feature) and the file size of the underlying gnuplot project isn’t way too high wxMaxima offers a right-click menu that allows to open the plot in an interactive gnuplot window.
plot windowsOn MS Windows, if in Maxima’s variable gnuplot_command “gnuplot” is replaced by “wgnuplot”, gnuplot offers the possibility to open a console window, where gnuplot commands can be entered into. Unfortunately, enabling this feature causes gnuplot to “steal” the keyboard focus for a short time every time a plot is prepared.
3D diagrams tend to make it hard to read quantitative data. A viable alternative might be to assign the 3rd parameter to the mouse wheel. The with_slider_draw command is a version of wxdraw2d that does prepare multiple plots and allows to switch between them by moving the slider on top of the screen. WxMaxima allows to export this animation as an animated gif.
With_slider_draw için ilk iki argüman, grafikler arasında basamaklanan değişkenin adı ve bu değişkenin değerlerinin bir listesidir. Aşağıdaki argümanlar “wxdraw2d” için sıradan argümanlardır:
with_slider_draw(
f,[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10],
title=concat("f=",f,"Hz"),
explicit(
sin(2*%pi*f*x),
x,0,1
),grid=true
);3D grafikler için aynı işleve, 3d grafikleri döndürmeye izin veren `with_slider_draw3d ile erişilebilir:
wxanimate_autoplay:true;
wxanimate_framerate:20;
with_slider_draw3d(
α,makelist(i,i,1,360,3),
title=sconcat("α=",α),
surface_hide=true,
contour=both,
view=[60,α],
explicit(
sin(x)*sin(y),
x,-π,π,
y,-π,π
)
)$If the general shape of the plot is what matters it might suffice to move the plot just a little bit in order to make its 3D nature available to the intuition:
wxanimate_autoplay:true;
wxanimate_framerate:20;
with_slider_draw3d(
t,makelist(i,i,0,2*π,.05*π),
title=sconcat("α=",α),
surface_hide=true,
contour=both,
view=[60,30+5*sin(t)],
explicit(
sin(x)*y^2,
x,-2*π,2*π,
y,-2*π,2*π
)
)$For those more familiar with plot than with draw, there is a second set of functions:
with_slider vewxanimate.Normally the animations are played back or exported with the frame rate chosen in the configuration of wxMaxima. To set the speed at an individual animation is played back the variable wxanimate_framerate can be used:
wxanimate(a, 10,
sin(a*x), [x,-5,5]), wxanimate_framerate=6$The animation functions use Maxima’s makelist command and therefore share the pitfall that the slider variable’s value is substituted into the expression only if the variable is directly visible in the expression. Therefore the following example will fail:
f:sin(a*x);
with_slider_draw(
a,makelist(i/2,i,1,10),
title=concat("a=",float(a)),
grid=true,
explicit(f,x,0,10)
)$Maxima’dan açıkça kaydırıcının yerine değer girmesi istenirse bunun yerine değer grafiği işe yarar:
f:sin(a*x);
with_slider_draw(
b,makelist(i/2,i,1,10),
title=concat("a=",float(b)),
grid=true,
explicit(
subst(a=b,f),
x,0,10
)
)$While not being provided by wxMaxima this feature of Maxima (on setups that support it) sometimes comes in handily. The following example comes from a post from Mario Rodriguez to the Maxima mailing list:
load(draw);
/* Parabola in window #1 */
draw2d(terminal=[wxt,1],explicit(x^2,x,-1,1));
/* Parabola in window #2 */
draw2d(terminal=[wxt,2],explicit(x^2,x,-1,1));
/* Paraboloid in window #3 */
draw3d(terminal=[wxt,3],explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1));Plotting multiple plots in the same window is possible, too:
wxdraw(
gr2d(
key="sin (x)",grid=[2,2],
explicit(sin(x),x,0,2*%pi)),
gr2d(
key="cos (x)",grid=[2,2],
explicit(cos(x),x,0,2*%pi))
);The “Plot using draw” sidebar hides a simple code generator that allows generating scenes that make use of some of the flexibility of the draw package maxima comes with.
2B sahne çizen bir draw () komutunun iskeletini oluşturur. Bu sahne daha sonra, örneğin “2B” düğmesinin altındaki satırlardaki düğmeleri kullanarak, sahnenin içeriğini oluşturan komutlarla doldurulmalıdır.
One helpful feature of the 2D button is that it allows to set up the scene as an animation in which a variable (by default it is t) has a different value in each frame: Often a moving 2D plot allows easier interpretation than the same data in a non-moving 3D one.
Generates the skeleton of a draw() command that draws a 3D scene. If neither a 2D nor a 3D scene is set up, all of the other buttons set up a 2D scene that contains the command the button generates.
İmlecin içinde bulunduğu draw () komutuna sin (x), x * sin (x) veya x ^ 2 + 2 * x-4 gibi bir ifadenin standart grafiğini ekler. çizim ile bir 2D sahne oluşturulur çizme komutu yoktur. Her sahne herhangi bir sayıda çizim ile doldurulabilir.
Y = sin (x), y * sin (x) = 3 veyax ^ 2 + y ^ 2 = 4 gibi bir ifadenin tüm noktalarını bulmaya çalışır ve sonuçtaki eğriyi `imlecin içinde bulunduğu draw ()komutu. Draw komutu yoksa çizim içeren bir 2D sahne oluşturulur.
Bir değişkeni alt sınırdan üst sınıra çevirir ve a’nın x, y (ve 3B grafiklerde de z) koordinatlarını oluşturmak için t * sin (t) ve t * cos (t) gibi iki ifade kullanır geçerli çizim komutuna konan eğri.
İsteğe bağlı olarak birleştirilebilen birçok nokta çizer. Noktaların koordinatları bir liste listesinden, bir 2D diziden veya her eksen için bir listeden veya diziden alınır.
Diyagramın üst ucuna bir başlık çizer,
Ekseni ayarlar.
(Only for 3D plots): Adds contour lines similar to the ones one can find in a map of a mountain to the plot commands that follow in the current draw() command and/or to the ground plane of the diagram. Alternatively, this wizard allows skipping drawing the curves entirely only showing the contour plot.
Diyagramın göstergesine bir sonraki grafiğin adını gösteren bir gösterge girişi ekler. Boş bir ad, aşağıdaki grafikler için açıklama girişi oluşturulmasını devre dışı bırakır.
Sets the line colour for the following plots the current draw command contains.
Sets the fill colour for the following plots the current draw command contains.
Izgara çizgilerini ayarlamaya izin veren bir sihirbaz açar.
Herhangi bir çizim programının parçası olan hız ve doğruluk dengesinde yeterli bir noktanın seçilmesini sağlar.
If the .wxmx file format is being used embedding files in a wxMaxima project can be done as easily as per drag-and-drop. But sometimes (for example if an image’s contents might change later on in a session) it is better to tell the file to load the image on evaluation:
show_image("man.png");WxMaxima’ın yapılandırma iletişim kutusu, başlangıçta yürütülen komutlarla iki dosyayı düzenlemeyi önerir:
maxima-init.macwxmaxima-init.macThese files are in the Maxima user directory (usually maxima in Windows, .maxima otherwise) in the user’s home directory / user profile directory. The location can be found out with the command: maxima_userdir;
wxsubscripts, Maxima öğesine alt çizgi (R_150 veya benzeri) içeren değişken adlarını abone değişkenlere dönüştürüp dönüştürmeyeceğini bildirir. Hangi değişken adlarının otomatik olarak dönüştürüldüğünü öğrenmek için `wxdeclare_subscript’e bakınız.wxfilename: Bu değişken, şu anda wxMaxima içinde açılmış olan dosyanın adını içerir.wxdirname: This variable contains the name the directory, in which the file currently opened in wxMaxima is.wxplot_pngcairo, wxMaxima’nın gnuplot’ın daha fazla çizgi stili ve daha iyi bir genel grafik kalitesi sağlayan pngcairo terminali kullanmaya çalışıp çalışmadığını söyler.wxchangedir: Çoğu işletim sisteminde wxMaxima Maxima’ın çalışma dizinini geçerli dosyanın dizinine otomatik olarak ayarlar. Bu, dosya G / Ç’sinin (ör. Read_matrix ile) okunması veya yazılması gereken dosyanın tam yolunu belirtmeden çalışmasını sağlar. Windows’ta bu özellik bazen hata mesajlarına neden olur ve bu nedenle yapılandırma iletişim kutusundan “false” olarak ayarlanabilir.wxmaximaversion: Returns the version number of wxMaxima.wxwidgetsversion: Returns the wxWidgets version wxMaxima is using.The function table_form() displays a 2D list in a form that is more readable than the output from Maxima’s default output routine. The input is a list of one or more lists. Like the “print” command, this command displays output even when ended with a dollar sign. Ending the command with a semicolon results in the same table along with a “done” statement.
table_form(
[
[1,2],
[3,4]
]
)$Bir sonraki örnekte gösterildiği gibi, table_form komutu ile birleştirilen listeler komut yürütülmeden önce oluşturulabilir.
Ayrıca, bir matris bir liste listesi olduğundan, matrisler benzer şekilde tablolara dönüştürülebilir.
WxMaxima provides a few functions that gather bug reporting information about the current system:
wxbuild_info () şu anda çalışan wxMaxima sürümü hakkında bilgi toplarwxbug_report (), hataların nasıl ve nerede dosyalanacağını söylerMaxima’s box() command causes wxMaxima to print its argument with a red foreground, if the second argument to the command is the text highlight.
Since Maxima (the program that does the actual mathematics) and wxMaxima (providing the easy-to-use user interface) are separate programs that communicate by the means of a local network connection. Therefore the most probable cause is that this connection is somehow not working. For example, a firewall could be set up in a way that it doesn’t just prevent unauthorized connections from the internet (and perhaps intercept some connections to the internet, too), but also blocks inter-process-communication inside the same computer. Note that since Maxima is being run by a Lisp processor the process communication that is blocked does not necessarily have to be named “maxima”. Common names of the program that opens the network connection would be sbcl, gcl, ccl, lisp.exe, or similar names.
On Unix computers another possible reason would be that the loopback network that provides network connections between two programs in the same computer isn’t properly configured.
Internally most modern XML-based formats are ordinary zip files. WxMaxima doesn’t turn on compression, so the contents of .wxmx files can be viewed in any text editor.
If the zip signature at the end of the file is still intact after renaming a broken .wxmx file to .zip most operating systems will provide a way to extract any portion of the information that is stored inside it. This can be done when there is a need of recovering the original image files from a text processor document. If the zip signature isn’t intact that does not need to be the end of the world: If wxMaxima during saving detected that something went wrong there will be a .wxmx~ file whose contents might help.
And even if there isn’t such a file: The .wxmx file is a container format and the XML portion is stored uncompressed. It it is possible to rename the .wxmx file to a .txt file and to use a text editor to recover the XML portion of the file’s contents (it starts with <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> and ends with </wxMaximaDocument>. Before and after that text you will see some unreadable binary contents in the text editor).
If a text file containing only these contents (e.g. copy and paste this text into a new file) is saved as a file ending in .xml, wxMaxima will know how to recover the text from the document.
Normalde wxMaxima, 2B formülün tamamının dizilmeye başlamadan önce aktarılmasını bekler. Bu, sadece kısmen tamamlanmış bir denklemi dizmek için birçok girişimde bulunmak için zaman kazandırır. Bununla birlikte, geçerli Maxima komutunun bitmesini beklemeden hemen hata ayıklama çıktısı sağlayacak bir ’disp` komutu vardır:
for i:1 thru 10 do (
disp(i),
/* (sleep n) is a Lisp function, which can be used */
/* with the character "?" before. It delays the */
/* program execution (here: for 3 seconds) */
?sleep(3)
)$This means that wxMaxima could not read the file Maxima that was supposed to instruct gnuplot to create.
Bu hatanın olası nedenleri:
load () komutu tarafından yüklenmedi..gnuplot located in the directory, which Maxima’s variable maxima_userdir is pointing, contains the instructions from Maxima to gnuplot. Most of the time, this file’s contents therefore are helpful when debugging the problem.wxplot_pngCairo to true from Maxima..png file.The value of the slider variable by default is only substituted into the expression that is to be plotted if it is visible there. Using a subst command that substitutes the slider variable into the equation to plot resolves this problem. At the end of section Embedding animations into the spreadsheet, you can see an example.
Hücre işlemleri ve hücrelerin içindeki değişiklikler için ayrı geri alma işlevleri vardır, bu nedenle bunun gerçekleşme ihtimali düşüktür. Varsa, verileri kurtarmak için birkaç yöntem vardır:
playback();Olası nedenlerden biri, Maxima’ın wxMaxima’ın yapılandırma iletişim kutusunun “Maxima” sekmesinde ayarlanan konumda bulunamaması ve bu nedenle hiç çalışmaz. Çalışan bir Maxima ikili dosyasının yolunu ayarlamak bu sorunu gidermelidir.
WxMaxima’nın Maxima’ın hesaplamayı bitirdiğini ve bu nedenle asla Maxima’a yeni veri gönderebileceğini bilmemesi teorik olarak mümkündür. Bu durumda “Tetikleyici değerlendirmesi” iki programı yeniden senkronize edebilir.
The Lisp compiler SBCL by default comes with a memory limit that allows it to run even on low-end computers. When compiling a big software package like Lapack or dealing with extremely big lists of equations this limit might be too low. In order to extend the limits, SBCL can be provided with the command line parameter --dynamic-space-size that tells SBCL how many megabytes it should reserve. A 32bit Windows-SBCL can reserve up to 999 Megabytes. A 64-bit SBCL version running on Windows can be instructed to use more than the about 1280 Megabytes compiling Lapack needs.
Maxima (ve dolayısıyla SBCL) komut satırı parametrelerini sağlamanın bir yolu, wxMaxima’ın yapılandırma iletişim kutusunun “Maxima için ek parametreler” alanıdır.
İbus-gtk paketinin yüklenmesi bu sorunu çözmelidir. Bkz. ([Https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/wxwidgets3.0/+bug/1421558 yetersiz(https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/wxwidgets3.0/+bug/ 1421558)).
Maxima’nız SBCL’ye dayanıyorsa, aşağıdaki satırların .sbclrc`inize eklenmesi gerekir:
(setf sb-impl::*default-external-format* :utf-8)The folder where this file has to be placed is system- and installation-specific. But any SBCL-based Maxima that already has evaluated a cell in the current session will happily tell where it can be found after getting the following command:
:lisp (sb-impl::userinit-pathname)The worksheet embeds .png files. WxMaxima allows the user to specify where they should be generated:
wxdraw2d(
file_name="test",
explicit(sin(x),x,1,10)
);If a different format is to be used, it is easier to generate the images and then import them into the worksheet again:
load("draw");
pngdraw(name,[contents]):=
(
draw(
append(
[
terminal=pngcairo,
dimensions=wxplot_size,
file_name=name
],
contents
)
),
show_image(printf(false,"~a.png",name))
);
pngdraw2d(name,[contents]):=
pngdraw(name,gr2d(contents));
pngdraw2d("Test",
explicit(sin(x),x,1,10)
);Not directly using Maxima. But there are Gnuplot commands for it:
wxdraw2d(
proportional_axis=xy,
explicit(sin(x),x,1,10)
),wxplot_size=[1000,1000];
1 HIToolbox 0x00007ff80cd91726 _ZN15MenuBarInstance22EnsureAutoShowObserverEv + 102
2 HIToolbox 0x00007ff80cd912b8 _ZN15MenuBarInstance14EnableAutoShowEv + 52
3 HIToolbox 0x00007ff80cd35908 SetMenuBarObscured + 408
...This might be an issue with the operating system. Disable the hiding of the menu bar (SystemSettings => Desktop & Dock => Menu Bar) might solve the issue. See wxMaxima issue #1746 for more information.
Yes. Use the LaTeX package “geometry” to specify the size of the borders.
You can add the following line to the LaTeX preamble (for example by using the respective field in the config dialogue (“Export”->“Additional lines for the TeX preamble”), to set borders of 1cm):
\usepackage[left=1cm,right=1cm,top=1cm,bottom=1cm]{geometry}If wxWidgets is new enough, wxMaxima will automatically be in dark mode if the rest of the operating system is. The worksheet itself is by default equipped with a bright background. But it can be configured otherwise. Alternatively, there is a View/Invert worksheet brightness menu entry that allows to quickly convert the worksheet from dark to bright and vice versa.
WxMaxima delegates some big tasks like parsing Maxima’s >1000-page-manual to background tasks, which normally goes totally unnoticed. At the moment the result of such a task is needed, though, it is possible that wxMaxima needs to wait a couple of seconds before it can continue its work.
(The same problem can occur with other applications too). The translations seem okay after you click on ‘OK’. WxMaxima does not only use its own translations but the translations of the wxWidgets framework too.
These locales maybe not present in the system. On Ubuntu/Debian systems they can be generated using: dpkg-reconfigure locales
You can find these symbols in the Unicode sidebar (search for ‘double-struck capital’). But the selected font must also support these symbols. If they do not display properly, select another font.
Most operating systems provide less complicated ways of starting programs than the command-line so this possibility is only rarely used. WxMaxima still provides some command-line switches, though.
-v veya--version: Sürüm bilgisini çıktılar-h veya--help: Kısa bir yardım metni çıkarır-o or --open=<str>: Open the filename given as an argument to this command-line switch-e veya--eval: Dosyayı açtıktan sonra değerlendirin.-b or --batch: If the command-line opens a file all cells in this file are evaluated and the file is saved afterward. This is for example useful if the session described in the file makes Maxima generate output files. Batch-processing will be stopped if wxMaxima detects that Maxima has output an error and will pause if Maxima has a question: Mathematics is somewhat interactive by nature so a completely interaction-free batch processing cannot always be guaranteed.--logtostderr: Log all “debug messages” sidebar messages to stderr, too.--pipe: Pipe messages from Maxima to stdout.--exit-on-error: Close the program on any maxima error.-f or --ini=<str>: Use the init file that was given as an argument to this command-line switch-u, --use-version=<str>: Use maxima version <str>.-l, --lisp=<str>: Use a Maxima compiled with Lisp compiler <str>.-X, --extra-args=<str>: Allows to specify extra Maxima arguments-m or --maxima=<str>: allows specifying the location of the maxima binary--enableipc: Lets Maxima control wxMaxima via interprocess communications. Use this option with care.--wxmathml-lisp=<str>: Location of wxMathML.lisp (if not the built-in should be used, mainly for developers).Instead of a minus, some operating systems might use a dash in front of the command-line switches.
wxMaxima is mainly developed using the program language C++ using the wxWidgets framework, as build system we use CMake, a small part is written in Lisp. You can contribute to wxMaxima, join the wxMaxima project at https://github.com/wxMaxima-developers/wxmaxima, if you have knowledge of these programming languages and want to help and contribute to the open source project wxMaxima.
The source code of wxMaxima is documented using Doxygen here.
The program is nearly self-contained, so except for system libraries (and the wxWidgets library), no external dependencies (like graphic files or the Lisp part (the wxmathML.lisp-file) is needed, these files are included in the executable.
If you are a developer, you might want to try out a modified wxmathML.lisp-file without recompiling everything, one can use the command line option --wxmathml-lisp=<str> to use another Lisp file, not the included one.